High Frequency Trading (HFT) is the use of computer algorithms to rapidly trade stocks. Highly sophisticated proprietary strategies are programmed to move in and out of trades in timeframes as little as fractions of a second. It is a business dominated by a few giants as it is a sandbox that costs many millions to play in. There are many facets to High Frequency Trading. I knew roughly what High Frequency Trading was, but in this article I try to understand some of the nuance of a phenomenon that, as we will discover, is the dominant force on the exchanges today.
I interviewed several people highly knowledgeable on this arcane and little understood subject. Mr. Rob Friesen, President and Chief Operating Officer at Las Vegas based Bright Trading. Mr. Dennis Dick, CFA a 15 year proprietary trader and market structure consultant for Bright Trading. Based in Las Vegas, Bright Trading is probably the longest surviving proprietary trading firm, providing capital to trade with, education, mentoring, and live daily chat discussions to its stable of traders located around the world. Mr. Eric Hunsader is an expert in analyzing quote traffic and is founder and chief executive of data-feed provider Nanex, LLC headquartered in Winnetka, Illinois. Gentlemen, welcome and thanks for agreeing to discuss this sensitive topic that is central to how our securities markets function today.
Richard: Dennis, can you inform us on some of the ways that high frequency trading has changed the markets from the ways they were say 10 or 15 years ago.
Mr. Dick: The computers have completely replaced the human specialists, or designated market makers as they are referred to now. The vast majority of the bid/offers we see on quote systems come from High Frequency Trading systems. I visited the floor of the NYSE earlier this year, and it is a morgue compared with a decade ago…..much of the noise and buzz is long in the past. Maybe a half dozen firms with live people trading, down from triple digits. Machines are the new market makers.
Mr. Hunsader: The new world is now a war between machines. For some perspective, in 1999 at the height of the tech craze, there were about 1,000 quotes per second crossing the tape. Fast forward to 2013 and that number has risen exponentially to 2,000,000 per second. And yet there are fewer market participants today and actually less trading. All this noise comes from the High Frequency guys trying to game each other or fool traders. Today, 90 to 95 percent of all quotes emanate from High Frequency machines…… This doesn’t imply share volumes just quotes traveling on the tape.
Richard: We’ll come back to that. First let’s hear a little more detail of how these firms operate.
Mr. Dick: HFT’s are the new market makers without the traditional affirmative obligation of designated market makers to keep markets orderly. When uncertainty enters the picture, they cancel their orders and liquidity disappears. Without traditional market makers to step in and be the buyer of last resort, prices can fall quickly as we saw in the flash crash in May 2010. HFT’s big advantage is co-location or speed which helps keep their bids and offers at the front of the order queue. HFT’s goal on the big liquid stocks is simply to make the penny spread between the bid and the offer, and to make exchange rebates. (Explained below) When HFT’s buy stock, they make sure that there are other real bid’s to buy behind (waiting to buy) them. If they can’t sell on the offer, they can push a button and sell to one of the other bidders at the same price they bought in at and scratch the trade. So the High Frequency Traders of today are just like the old line human market makers except the speed at which they operate and the information advantages they have means they are only going to play when very high probability setups exist. They always want to make sure there are plenty of real bids or offers in line behind them to “lean” on so if markets start to gyrate they can exit the trade flat.
Richard: So do they or do they not provide liquidity for our markets today.
Mr. Hunsader: I don’t think there is a yes or no answer to that one. On a day to day basis the HFT’s are certainly there on the big liquid names to buy and sell so long as you are willing to pay their penny toll, which is not much different than when beating hearts were in charge. Things get dicey when a market dislocation occurs and then bids dry up. With no affirmative obligation to be buyers of last resort, if some big macro news event causes markets to shudder, then the HFT’s simply pack their bags and there are no underlying bids in the markets.
The flash crash of May 6, 2010 is the best example of what can happen. After the “fat finger” trade by mutual fund group Waddell & Reed and markets went into a dive, HFT’s went hiding under rocks and the market for a short period was without any bids and big price dislocations occurred as evidenced by the nearly 10 percent free-fall. I think it fair to say that without the “affirmative obligations” of the human system, HFT’s run like chickens and during times of duress greatly exacerbate market declines. HFT’s were a big reason the flash crash became the flash crash.
Mr. Dick: Despite the enormous edge High Frequency firms enjoy they are starting to show significantly lower profitability. Exchange volumes from 2011 to 2012 are down from 7.8 billion shares per day to 6.5 billion or 17 percent. Another contributor is that, as has been stressed, High Frequency Trading is all about co-location or speed. These giant dominant HFT firms, like GETCO, Citadel, and Virtu Financial are all being forced to constantly upgrade their systems in the arms race to be fastest, to collate information closer and closer to the speed of light. GETCO reported in a 2012 SEC filing it spent $37 million upgrading or “building new trading strategies”. Lower volumes hurt the HFT’s because as fewer orders enter the markets there are just that many less opportunities to “scalp” the bid/offer spread. Another issue which gets overlooked in the media is that there are fewer traders exposing themselves to being gamed by the HFT’s.
Richard: Can you elaborate on that last sentence?
Mr. Dick: I made a video in 2012 which gives an example of how traders who have limit orders floating out there in the marketplace get “picked off” or gamed by the HFT’s. It is called “adverse selection” risk and here is how it works. My example focuses on the S&P E–mini contracts and the release of the Friday morning monthly unemployment reports. When the number came out at 8:30 EST there were hundreds of bid limit orders to buy the S&P E-mini’s representing thousands of contracts. The actual employment number was very bad, meaning claims were higher than anticipated, and the market gapped down over 7 points instantly. But even faster were the High Frequency algorithms which hit hundreds of bids (they sold stock to the bids) before the clock had moved one second……it was still 8:30 sharp not even close to 8:30.01. Traders with limit orders could not withdraw their orders before they were filled by high frequency computers in a matter of micro seconds. In the blink of an eye, the HFT’s bought back shares that they had sold at much lower prices reaping millions in profits. This is information arbitrage where High Frequency Traders take advantage of just released data and profit from it. They react far quicker than any human possibly can. Given this advantage, traders have much less incentive today to place limit orders. The adverse selection risk is simply too high.
Mr. Hunsader: I might add that today in 2013, it is any “limit” orders where the retail investor potentially gets shafted. Say Bank of America (BAC) is trading $13.93 bid and $13.94 offer. The retail investor has very little chance of being able to buy on the bid at $13.93. That person is typically at the back of the queue, behind all the HFT’s. The only time they get filled is when the quote rolls over them (the bid becomes the offer). In most cases, for the retail investor it is better to buy BAC at the $13.94 offer, get filled and not risk the market moving and not get filled at all……just pay what amounts to a one penny “toll” to get filled. In the old days of human NYSE market makers, or specialists as they were known, the retail investor had a much better chance of buying on the bid.
Mr. Dick: Where the HFT’s become really pernicious is on smaller more thinly traded securities when the bid/offer spread is wide, say 30 or even 50 cents. Say the bid/offer is $25.50/$25.80. The High Frequency computer is programmed to “step in front of” the real buyer willing to pay $25.50 and bid $25.51 or a penny more than the bona-fide buyer at $25.50. This “penny hopping” pushes the real buyer back in the queue so he will not get filled. If the real buyer cancels their bid, (the computers recognize this) then the HFT will withdraw its bid to buy as well. If the HFT gets filled at this price by paying up a penny more they will hold the shares and make an offer to sell at somewhere below the $25.80 offer price so they can once again be first in the selling queue. Now that the HFT owns the shares, machines will watch to make sure that the real buyer is still there so that if they can’t sell the shares within their timeframe they always can instantaneously sell to the real buyer at only a loss of a cent. They have a bid to “lean” on…….with potential loss of only a cent and a possible profit of nearly 30 cents.
Richard: What are some other things you can tell us that I haven’t asked about?
Mr. Hunsader: I think it’s important to note that the great majority for High Frequency action occurs in only the top three dozen or so most liquid stocks. These are the “thickest”, meaning computers have the most bids and offers to “lean” on if markets collapse. The computers make money almost every time trading these stocks. Second, depending on who you believe 50 to 70% of all trading volume comes from the HFT’s yet 90 or 95 percent of all quotes come from them. HFT’s are constantly putting out bogus or fake quotes. This “quote stuffing” as it is referred forces other machines to slow down to assimilate the data thus maybe giving the “stuffer” a brief advantage. It is also used to flush out and see which bids are real. Also, an uninitiated trader may be fooled by thinking demand for a stock is there, when it is just noise.
One more thing about speed….. The National Market System (NMS) delineates how exchanges connect and how trading happens. How firms receive their data is something else. The SIP (Securities Information Processor) provides data to firms on a 10 gigabyte line. Both the NYSE and NASDAQ offer more specialized (think faster) quote platforms. NYSE “OpenBook” and NASDAQ “TotalView” offer data on a 40 gig line at prices ranging up to $60,000 a month. The NMS has regulations prohibiting one firm having a speed advantage over another. In 2012, the NYSE was fined $5 million for violating this rule and yet the practice is openly continued today.
Internalization
Internalization is the practice of High Frequency Traders paying for order flow from retail brokerage houses like TD Ameritrade, E-Trade, Charles Schwab, or Scottrade. They in effect get a right of first refusal on these orders. Often these orders come from the “dumb” money who enter market orders and are easy pickings for the HFT’s to easily collect their “toll” spread. So these trades never make it to the exchange floors for competitive bidding. Eric Hunsader says 40 percent of all trades are either “internalized” or go to dark pools. There are thirteen different exchanges which a trade may get routed to. Each exchange like ARCA, Edge, or BATS has a systemic set of fees that it charges for takers of liquidity and an offsetting list of rebates it pays to providers of liquidity. These fees and rebates range from roughly a tenth to three tenths of a penny. Named the Maker-Taker system, it causes distortions in the way our markets operate. Courtesy of Mr. Dennis Dick here are simplified definitions:
Providing Liquidity: If you place a passive bid, or passive offer, you are a liquidity provider. You have added a bid or offer to the market. Typically, if your execution is not immediate (for orders placed during market hours), you are providing liquidity and can get paid a rebate from the exchange. There are HFT’s who base their entire model on collecting exchange rebates by providing liquidity
Taking Liquidity: If you take an offer or hit a bid, you are a liquidity taker. You have removed a bid or offer from the market. Typically, if your execution is immediate (for orders placed during market hours), you are taking liquidity. All market orders take liquidity, and on most exchanges are charged a fee for this.
Mr. Dick: The incentive for TD Ameritrade to sell its order flow should be clear. They charge $7 per trade. If they execute a 3,000 share market order and the rate for taking liquidity is 3/10 of a penny then TD Ameritrade is on the hook for $9. And lose $2 on the trade. If they sell the same market order to Knight for 2/10 of a penny they would collect $6 plus the $7 commission for $13 total. I don’t know if there is actual data, but the quality of the order execution is probably less than if the trade were exposed to all the exchanges for competitive bidding. Almost all retail market orders are internalized. If you put your strongest glasses on, it is all disclosed in the fine print. To justify the practice, many HFT internalizers will offer a sub-penny of price improvement to the retail orders. But in essence they are just jumping the order queue by a fraction of a cent.
Mr. Hunsader: What makes this even more unfair is that individuals are not allowed to bid in any increments less than a penny. I did a study collecting price action on sub penny trades from January 2006 through July 2012 that confirms the “penny hopping” scheme. 54 percent of these high frequency trades improved prices by less than 1/10th of one penny. The remaining 46 percent only increased prices by less than ½ of one penny.
Richard: Rob, how have the traders at Bright Trading adapted to the new HFT world.
Mr. Friesen: One of the main adjustments we have been forced to make is to lengthen the time horizon of our trading. No longer are we the liquidity providers scalping for pennies in trades that lasted seconds. The HFT’s have taken over that role. Now our trades last minutes, hours, or even days and our profit objectives may be in dollars rather than cents. We have become much more research oriented. We shouldn’t be surprised about the rise of HFT in trading as many other industries have had automation replace human activity. When High Frequency Trading started to takeoff, we strategically decided that to compete in the game a firm needed to commit tens of millions to build the fastest, most robust computer systems……so instead of playing a game we couldn’t win we changed our focus.
As professional traders, we continue to evolve in hedged trading strategies which are not usually done by the retail trader or investor. HFT is unaware of our game plan, our time frame, or our reason for entering the trade. In some cases we may have to pay the penny toll, in other cases we may be able to remain passive and actually be a true liquidity provider. It all depends on the traders agenda which he will not advertise.
Our traders strive, as much as possible, to avoid notifying the HFT’s of what they are doing by avoiding Smart Routers, and instead routing to a specific destination with a marketable limit orders and pay the offer. I am very proud of Bright Traders like Dennis Dick that have adapted over the last few years and continue to excel in this trading profession they love.
What Does It All Mean?
At the end of the day High Frequency Traders in the large volume stocks probably are good providers of market liquidity and allow for average investors to easily transact. The “toll” is the penny bid/offer spread which is what you probably would have paid under the old specialist system. Some claim the HFT’s have caused bid/offer spreads in high volume securities to be tighter, thus benefiting investors. In times of turmoil and market corrections the HFT’s run for the hills and declines are exaggerated. This is scary and causes many investors to be wary of the stock markets. This is born out in the 17 percent volume decline over the 2011 to 2012 period.
Small illiquid stocks are another matter. The “penny jumping” is grossly unfair and distorts markets and often denies legitimate buyers and sellers from entering and exiting their positions. “Internalization” is a by-product of the “Maker-Taker” system the exchanges have implemented. Consumers certainly get poorer execution but the tradeoff is much lower commissions than in the past. Imagine you can trade 100 shares or 10,000 shares for under $10 at any number of discount houses.
Paying tens of thousands a month for Direct Feed from NASDAQ “TotalView” or NYSE “OpenBook” on a 40 gigabyte line gives an advantage over receiving quotes over a 10 gig line from SIP. In my opinion it doesn’t really matter to a small long term investor. Once again, this is High Frequency titans battling over turf. It shakes the earth a little, but it doesn’t knock your house down.
If stock buyers are long term investors, then the HFT’s are not really a factor at all. While they exacerbate market declines, over time the market adjusts and is fairly valued. High Frequency Traders simply cause a lot of extraneous noise as they battle each other through the cat and mouse of order stuffing and spending millions to achieve the unachievable grail of speed of light order flow.
The one lesson to take away is that unless you are tied up with a reputable firm like Bright Trading that understands the trading landscape and will teach you to adapt to the new playing field, it is folly to be a day trader. The omniscience of the high frequency computers can see your every move and the land mines are everywhere. The structure of the markets has permanently changed. A human hand that can react in seconds is outclassed by machines operating in milliseconds and even microseconds. It is neither all good nor all bad. It is just the way it is.
